Stereotype Threat Was First Defined By Steele And Arson As...

Literature Review Stereotype threat was first defined by Steele and Arson as the â€Å"social-psychological threat that occurs when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one’s group applies. This predicament threatens one with being negatively stereotyped, with being judged or threatened stereotypically, or with the prospect of conforming to the stereotype† (Steele, 1997, p.614). The biggest stereotype when we talk about STEM fields is â€Å"Why so Few [women]?† Then comes the cultural stereotype that boys are innately better than girls at math and sciences, which is inescapable in the U.S. and apparently at the fault. Recent trends in achievements by girls and women compare to their counterparts, as well as years of scientific research, demonstrate that this notion is simply incorrect. Although the number of women still lags behind the number of men in many STEM fields, the reasons for this gap are cultural biases and institutional barrier s that hinder the advancement of women. A myriad of studies in this area has shown that stereotypes about certain groups’ (especially, women and girls) intellectual abilities negatively impact those students’ performance in diagnostic conditions. Stereotype threat is often provisionally demonstrated as producing immediate effects, such as scoring lower on tests of mathematical ability. In addition, Woodcock, Hernandez, Estrada, and Schultz found for women, African American, Latino and other minority students

Early Onset Alzheimer s Disease - 824 Words

How to Distinguish Early Onset Alzheimer s From Normal Alzheimer s Disease By Dick Harkes | Submitted On August 26, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest What Is Early Onset Alzheimers If someone is diagnosed with Alzheimer s Disease before the age of 65, we speak of Early Onset Alzheimer s. It is an exceptional appearance of the disease: less than five percent of all Alzheimer s Disease patients suffer from this type. Probably it is†¦show more content†¦Other Feelings As said before the person with Early Onset Alzheimer s mostly still has an active social life and job. Until the diagnosis they usually are physically more fit and active. This often makes them react differently to the diagnosis and disease resulting in them feeling more likely powerless, frustrated and depressed. More Microscopic Changes In The Brain Some experts believe that younger brains need to suffer more damage before the person starts to show symptoms. That could be the reason of the younger people tending to have more of the microscopic changes found in the brains of people with Alzheimer s disease. These changes include twisted nerve cell fibers, known as neurofibrillary tangles, and a sticky protein called beta amyloid, which forms structures called plaques. Hereditary Disorder In many cases Early Onset Alzheimer s Disease appears to be linked with a genetic defect on chromosome 14. This link is not connected with late starting type of Alzheimer s. Myoclonic Twitches Myoclonus - Muscle Twitching (is brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles) and also signs of spasms - are more generally seen in the early beginning of Alzheimer s disease than in late-onset Alzheimer s Disease. Early Onset Alzheimers Possibly a Hereditary Disorder Early Onset Alzheimer s is also

Significants Of Soviet Unions First Atomic Bomb Essay Example For Students

Significants Of Soviet Unions First Atomic Bomb Essay In 1949, the Soviet Union exploded their first atomic bomb. This event was so significant because it began the great arms race. The arms race in effect was the beginning of the Cold War. The events that led up to and followed the soviets first atomic bomb The explosion of the first atomic bomb by Russia started an arms race between the Soviets and the United States. This was a time when the Soviets and Americans where trying to out due each other in the production of defensive or offensive weapons. Each one tried to come out with bigger bader weapons than what the other had. Most people blame the race on the U.S. but the threat of a Soviet attach was very real. Therefore the U.S. is intitled to outdo them any way they can. The cold war was then brought about. The cold war reached its peak in the 1960s, when an American U-2 spy plane got photos of Soviet missle sites in Cuba. When this was discovered. The fear of an nuclear war became feared. America was hanging by a sting on wheather or not they should act or not. Never the less the Soviets wussied out and pulled out of Cuba. Even today a nuclear attach is still present, weather it be from Russia or China. Americans today feel as though it cant happen, but it still can. I recently read in a news paper that if America were to continue with their Star Wars program, that it cause another arms race. So, now how safe do you feel? Casey Ganoung Category: History .

Gender in international Relations Essay Example For Students

Gender in international Relations Essay Italian Women in Violent Organizations The essay, Mafiosi and Terrorists: Italian Women in Violent Organizations, by Alison Jamieson, discusses the role women have played in violent organizations in Italy. Despite male exclusivity and authoritarianism, women involved in such organizations have come a long way in widening the horizons of female influence in administration and commercial roles. The paper looks at, analyzes and compares two main violent organizations in Italy, the leftist terrorist Red Brigades and the Sicilian Mafia. The Italian feminist movement of the 1960s spurred a new drive toward female activity in violent organizations on the extreme left side. For the majority of women adherents, the feminist cause was an end in itself, but within the growing militancy of the extra-parliamentary Left it was a political exercise ground for a more radical battle and more extreme methods. (Jamieson 53) By insisting on a separate identity and a set of demands that purposely excluded men, women paved their way to higher standing in the extra-parliamentary left. Jamieson also comments that mainstream feminism involves embracing a broader set of goals that explicitly required the use of violence. The fight for female equality and ascendancy in a male dominated society took a great effort and involved a great struggle. Many women joined the armed struggle not only to bring down capitalist society, but also to fight the return of fascism. Susanna Ronconi of the Red Brigades recalls that the choice to abandon the feminist group in which she had militated overtly in favor of clandestine armed struggle had been particularly difficult because it implied breaking off all contact with her mother, who had shared some of her non-conformist views. (Jamieson 54-55) The choice to enter the Red Brigades not only meant sacrificing outside family ties, but choosing to occupy yourself day after day, morning till night with political, organizational, and violent matters. However, the Red Brigades justify the use of violence as an inevitable and necessary starting point in the process of societal change. It is the way in which they achieve their goal, by altering society to be more suitable for their wants and needs. As female involvement increased in the Red Brigades, one would think their influence would increase as well. Though former female members of the Red Brigades report that gender equality was maintained in the organization, it has been proven that no woman had ever sat on the Brigades strategy-making body. Not to say that there was any distinct discrimination, but men were certainly listened to more. However, gender per se does not necessarily seem to have determined differenced in attitudes to the exercise of violence, which were the product of individual character and experience. (Jamieson 56) If a woman had the will to perform in such violent situations, they found the way to make it happen. On the other side of the scale was the right-winged Sicilian Mafia or the Cosa Nostra. Whereas the Italian woman terrorist adopted a consciously exaggerated stand against institutional and societal paternalism, the women of Cosa Nostra have remained trapped inside traditional behavioral patterns. (Jamieson 58) Women of the Cosa Nostra cannot participate directly in acts of violence nor can they hold decision-making positions in the hierarchy of the organization. Despite this, women play a role in this exclusively male organization through the membership of their husbands, fathers and sons. Women are not allowed membership for they are perceived as untrustworthy due to their irrationality and uncontrollable emotion. (Jamieson 60) However, women exhibit a sort of self-control, loyalty and sacrifice that are crucial to their role within the Mafia world. Women hold the reins of a strategic function in Mafia relations, linking together two clans through marriage and objectively reinforcing clan strength. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, women were crucial in the transport and trafficking of drugs across the Atlantic, which meant large sums of money for the Mafia. Women of the Mafia play a minimal role in the everyday life and dealings of the Mafia organization. It is obvious that there is more female participation in the Red Brigades organization than in the Sicilian Mafia. Women in the Mafia had no role except the wife, mother, or daughter of members and the occasional .